Earth Summit
Earth Summit is the name given to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development since the Rio conference
in 1992. The second Earth Summit was held in Johannesburg in 2002.
(in "Sustainable Development")
Ecological Footprint
The ecological footprint is a measure of how much biologically productive land and water area an individual, a city,
a country, a region, or humankind uses to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, using prevailing
technology and resource management.
(in "Sustainable Development")
Economic efficiency
Efficiency of economic and technological activities, fostering investment and productivity, economic growth, economic
output potential.
(in "Sustainable Development")
Economic growth
Quantitative change or expansion in a country's economy. It is conventionally measured as the percentage increase
in gross domestic product (GDP) or gross national product (GNP) over one year.
(in "Describing Poverty")
Economic violence
Economic violence is a term used to describe violence cause through the economic system. Originally it was used to
qualify the difference of status between owner and producer in Marxist theory, but it has been extended to qualify the effects
specific economic policies (corporate or public) can have on individuals or groups, such as increasing inequalities, inefficient
provision of basic goods and services or oligarchic concentration of resources.
(in "Violence and (In)Security in Urban Space")
Embeddedness
In a social scientific understanding, the embeddedness of an actor or an action characterises its bind to its social
environment.
(in "Actor-Orientation: The Societal Level") (in "Actor-Orientation: Surrounding Conditions")
Entitlements
Resources that people have the right to access.
(in "Methodologies and Methods of Livelihoods Research")
Environmental degradation
Environmental degradation refers to the decreasing of a local ecosystem or of the biosphere as a whole as a result
of human activity. Environmental degradation occurs when natural resources are being consumed faster than nature can replenish
them or when polluting activities or even natural disasters destroy these resources.
(in "Sustainable Development")
Environmental responsibility
The ability to use natural resources without undermining the equilibrium and integrity of ecosystems, and to reduce
the burden on the environment. Environmental sustainability is achieved when the productivity of life-supporting natural resources
is conserved or enhanced for use by future generations. (DFID)
(in "Sustainable Development")
Environmental violence
Environmental violence is violence caused to the environment such as pollution or depletion. It is also a form of
violence towards the people who live in or use an affected environment either because it represents a danger for their health,
deprives them from resources or does not allow them to have a decent living.
(in "Violence and (In)Security in Urban Space")
Ethnic niches/enclaves
A distinct territorial, cultural, or social unit enclosed within or as if within foreign territory. On the one hand
the enclave or niche represents a network that increases the opportunities for gainful trade in the labour market and disseminates
information on job opportunities, and constitutes an environment where the immigrant is less exposed to the discrimination
encountered elsewhere on the labour market. On the other hand the ethnic enclave or niche provides less interaction with natives
and reduces the incentives for acquiring, e.g., language skills. The enclave thus can hinder the move to better jobs and reduces
earnings in the longer run.
(in "Migration")
Exclusion
Exclusion refers to a process whereby some socio-economic groups are relatively – sometimes even absolutely – disempowered
and pauperised by the globalisation process; those on the margins of the ‘system’ are increasingly left behind. The fact that
they remain where they are means that in practice they actually lose ground and are increasingly excluded from the value-
and wealth-generating processes happening at the core of the system (see also inclusion).
(in "Globalisation Processes B") (in "Access and Institutional Context")
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