Imperialism
Imperialism refers to a national policy of forming and maintaining an empire; it involves the struggle for the control
of raw materials and world markets, the subjection and control of territories, and the establishment of colonies. Recently,
the predominance of the United States on the international scene and the diffusion of their views of the world by economic,
cultural and military means has led critics of the homogenising aspects of globalisation to qualify the latter as a new kind
of American imperialism.
(in "Globalisation Processes B")
Import substitution
Import substitution as a process refers to situations where regions (or countries) take up the production of goods
or services which were previously imported but which, for whatever reasons, can now be viably produced within the region.
Import substitution is often discussed as a policy strategy, e.g. as an attempt to utilise underused capacities, to reduce
regional unemployment or to protect infant industries. This form of economic protectionism helped some countries industrialise
in the past but involves taking economic risks, namely potential inefficiencies and higher prices.
(in "Development Theories")
Inclusion
Inclusion refers to those socio-economic groups that are empowered (and enriched) by the globalisation process. If
we picture globalisation in terms of a gravitational field emanating from a core source, the groups closest to the centre
of the field are becoming ever more tightly integrated, economically, politically and culturally (see also exclusion).
(in "Globalisation Processes B")
(in "Access and Institutional Context")
Indicator
An indicator is an observable measuring tool, which enables us to understand specific aspects of complex phenomena
by simplifying and quantifying them. Indicators should allow to grasp specific problems and to provide information for decision-making
(in "Describing Poverty")
(in "Sustainable Development")
Industrialisation by invitation
Industrialisation by invitation refers to a policy whereby a country’s government offers attractive terms such as
tax-free concessions to foreign manufacturers to set up factories in the country.
(in "Development Theories")
Industrialised countries
See Developed countries
(in "Describing Poverty")
Industrialism
Industrialism is an economic and social system based on the development of large-scale industries and marked by the
production of large quantities of inexpensive manufactured goods and the concentration of employment in urban factories.
(in "Globalisation Processes A")
Inequality
Inequality, when considered in economic or social dimension, refers to the disparity in resources within a society
or at international level.
(in "Describing Poverty")
(in "Theorising Inequality and Change")
(in "Livelihood Research Perspective - Assets, Practices, and Wellbeing")
(in "Access and Institutional Context")
(in "Methodologies and Methods of Livelihoods Research")
Institutions
Institutions are complexes of norms and behaviour patterns that persist over time by serving some collectively valued
purposes. They are the mechanisms, rules and customs by which people and organisations interact with each other. In that sense
they are the “rules of the game” of a society. However, in a number of domains, organisations are often referred to as ‘institutions’.
(in "Actor-Orientation: The Societal Level")
(in "Livelihood Research Perspective - Assets, Practices, and Wellbeing")
(in "Access and Institutional Context")
Interdependence
Through globalisation, economical, political and cultural relationships between nation-states have increased to such
an extent that what happens in one country can affect others. A particular consequence of the international division of labour
is that countries are more and more interdependent.
(in "Globalisation Processes A")
International division of labour
The division of labour is based on the fact that the different tasks necessary to produce a good or provide a service
are divided up between different specialised units. In the international division of labour, these units are countries that
specialise in particular tasks. Although there are differences depending on the branch or activity and also between countries,
countries in the North generally undertake tasks that add value (such as research and development), whereas countries in the
South specialise in tasks requiring a large amount of cheap unskilled labour, for instance assembling parts.
(in "Globalisation Processes B")
Internationalism
The view that the nations of the world should co-operate politically, economically, culturally, etc and work towards
greater mutual understanding.
(in "Globalisation Processes A")
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